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Slaget vid Neretva Poster 70x100cm 1971 Yul Brynner Orson Welles k Battle of Vukovar; Part of the Croatian War of Independence: The Vukovar water tower, 2010. Heavily damaged in the battle, the tower has been preserved as a symbol of the conflict. I januari 1943 ger Hitler order om att alla jugoslaviska partisanstyrkor ska f. Tillsammans med tusentals andra flyktingar drar partisanerna norrut i de bosniska bergen och den enda v
Battle of Vukovar - Wikipedia. Battle of Vukovar. Part of the Croatian War of Independence. The Vukovar water tower, 2. Heavily damaged in the battle, the tower has been preserved as a symbol of the conflict. Belligerents. Yugoslav People's Army. SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia(Croatian Serb insurgents)Republic of Serbia Territorial Defence Force.
Serb Volunteer Guard. White Eagles. Republic of Croatia.
Croatian National Guard (to November 1. Croatian Army (from November 1. Croatian Defence Forces. Commanders and leaders Aleksandar Spirkovski (until the end of September 1. Before the Croatian War of Independence the Baroque town was a prosperous, mixed community of Croats, Serbs and other ethnic groups. As Yugoslavia began to break up, Serbia's President Slobodan Milo. In 1. 99. 0, an armed insurrection was started by Croatian Serb militias, supported by the Serbian government and paramilitary groups, who seized control of Serb- populated areas of Croatia.
The JNA began to intervene in favour of the rebellion, and conflict broke out in the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia in May 1. In August, the JNA launched a full- scale attack against Croatian- held territory in eastern Slavonia, including Vukovar. Vukovar was defended by around 1,8. Croatian National Guard (ZNG) and civilian volunteers, against as many as 3. JNA troops and Serb paramilitaries equipped with heavy armour and artillery. During the battle, shells and rockets were fired into the town at a rate of up to 1. Several Serb military and political officials, including Milo.
A ceasefire was declared a few weeks later. Vukovar remained in Serb hands until 1. Croatia. It has since been rebuilt but has less than half of its pre- war population and many buildings are still scarred by the battle. Its two principal ethnic communities remain deeply divided and it has not regained its former prosperity. Background. The area has a diverse population of Croats, Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Ruthenians and many other nationalities, who had lived together for centuries in relative harmony before the Croatian war. It was one of the wealthiest areas of Yugoslavia before the war.
The town's population was 4. Croat and 3. 2. 3 percent Serb. Slovenia and Croatia moved towards multi- party democracy and economic reform, but Serbia's authoritarian communist President Slobodan Milo. In Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party of Franjo Tu. The Croatian government rapidly lost control of large areas of the republic. Other Serb communities around Croatia also announced that they would secede and established their own militias.
On 1 April, Serb villagers around Vukovar and other towns in eastern Slavonia began to erect barricades across main roads. There were no casualties, but the attack aggravated and deepened ethnic tensions. Three Serbs were also killed.
The army's intervention was welcomed by local Croatian leaders, but Croatian deputy interior minister Milan Brezak accused the JNA of preventing the Croatian police from dealing with the paramilitaries. Croatian police forcibly took over the local radio station, Radio Vukovar, and Serb members of the station's ethnically mixed staff were fired and replaced with Croats. The atmosphere in Vukovar was said to be . In Vukovar, as elsewhere in Croatia, hardline Serb nationalists urged Serbs to boycott the referendum, while moderates advocated using the poll to register opposition to independence.
Many local Serbs did vote. Repeated gun and bomb attacks were reported in the town and surrounding villages. Borovo Naselje, the Croatian- held northern suburb of Vukovar, sustained a significant shelling on 4 July. The policy pursued so far has created an atmosphere of terror among the Croatian and Serbian population. Many Serbs who had lived in Vukovar for generations . Paolo Rumiz describes how they . The old settlers would not let themselves be stirred up against other nationalities.
Ramet comments that the distinctive feature of the war in eastern Slavonia was . Paramilitaries, JNA soldiers and Serbian conscripts of the Territorial Defence forces (Croatian: Teritorijalna obrana, Serbian: . There was a small JNA force in the town barracks in the Sajmi. The first commander of the attacking force was a Macedonian. The 4th Battalion of the 3rd Guards Brigade was stationed in the city from the beginning, while elements of the 1st Guards Brigade arrived retreating from elsewhere in western Syrmia.
In addition to the guardsmen there were 3. Vukovar and nearby communities. They defended Vukovar alongside us.
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They relied mostly on light infantry weapons, but obtained a few artillery pieces and anti- aircraft guns and improvised their own land mines. This was partly because of the difficulty of reaching the town, but may also have been a result of the Croatian government's decision to supply large quantities of arms to the Bosnian Croats in advance of the Bosnian War.
In doing so, it starved its own forces of weapons and ammunition. Fighter aircraft were used in the battle. The attacking force included JNA soldiers conscripted from across Yugoslavia, members of the TO, Chetniks (Serbian nationalist paramilitaries), local Serb militiamen and units of the Yugoslav Navy and the Yugoslav Air Force. The Serbian secret police agency, the SDB, took part in military operations, and some of its officers commanded Serbian TO units fighting in Vukovar.
According to Veselin . The plan was abandoned after the Battle of Vukovar exhausted the JNA's ability to prosecute the war further into Croatia. At the start of the war in Slovenia, the army still saw itself as the defender of a federal, communist Yugoslavia, rather than an instrument of Serbian nationalism. Its head, General Veljko Kadijevi. It aimed to force Croatia's political leadership to capitulate and renegotiate its membership of Yugoslavia.
Many of the Serb members of the army no longer wanted to fight for a multiethnic Yugoslavia. The army developed an increasingly Serbian character as non- Serbs deserted or refused to be drafted.
The JNA's periodical Narodna Armija claimed after the battle that Vukovar . This war is a great test for Serbs. Those who pass the test will become winners. Deserters cannot go unpunished.
The front line at the end of the campaign was to remain as the border between Croatian and Serb- held territory until January 1. The Battle of Vukovar took place in two phases over about 9. August to September 1. October to mid- November, when the town was encircled then taken by the JNA. On 2. 3 August Borovo Naselje came under heavy shellfire. Croatian forces shot down two Yugoslav G- 2 Galeb fighter aircraft using shoulder- launched anti- aircraft missiles.
The following day, the JNA, the Yugoslav Air Force and the Yugoslav Navy launched a major attack using aircraft, naval vessels on the Danube, tanks and artillery. The attack, which was mounted from both sides of the border, caused extensive damage and many civilian casualties. Vukovar's JNA barracks was one of those attacked that day, but the local Croatian forces failed to capture it. In retaliation, Serb paramilitaries attacked areas to the southwest of Vukovar from the direction of Negoslavci, forcing about 2,0. There were reports of mass killings and scores of civilian deaths. The army did not bypass Vukovar, because they wished to relieve the besieged barracks and to eliminate a possible threat to their supply lines. The JNA leadership did not intend to make Vukovar the main focus of the offensive but, as happened with Stalingrad in the Second World War, an initially inconsequential engagement became an essential political symbol for both sides.
The JNA's 1st Guards Mechanised Brigade quickly reached the Vukovar barracks and lifted the Croatian siege of the facility. They also moved to encircle Vukovar. By 3. 0 September, the town was almost completely surrounded; all roads in and out were blocked, and the only route in was via a farm track through a perilously exposed cornfield.
Its armour, designed for combat in open country, was barely able to enter Vukovar's narrow streets. Support from regular infantry was lacking, and the poorly trained and motivated troops of the TO were inadequate substitutes. The defenders used unconventional tactics to undermine enemy morale, such as firing weather rockets at Serb forces. By the end of the battle, over 7.
Vukovar. JNA commanders resorted to firing on their own positions to motivate their men to fight. When the commander of a JNA unit at Vukovar demanded to know who was willing to fight and who wanted to go home, the unit split in two; one conscript, unable to decide which side to take, shot himself on the spot. Another group of reservists threw away their weapons and went back to Serbia on foot across a nearby bridge. He was arrested and declared insane by the authorities. His treatment enraged his colleagues, who protested by taking over a local radio station at gunpoint and issuing a declaration that .
He established new headquarters and command- and- control arrangements to resolve the disorganisation that had hindered the JNA's operations. The northern AOR was assigned to Major General Mladen Brati.
They were well armed and highly motivated but often undisciplined and brutal. They were formed into units of company and battalion size as substitutes for the missing reservists.! Although some people accuse me of acting in collusion with paramilitary formations, these are not paramilitary formations here! They are men who came voluntarily to fight for the Serbian cause. We surround a village, he dashes in and kills whoever refuses to surrender.
The assault succeeded in cutting the Croatian supply route to Vukovar when the village of Marinci, on the route out of the town, was captured on 1 October. Shortly afterwards, the Croatian 2. Brigade's commander, Mile Dedakovi. His deputy, Branko Borkovi. General Anton Tus, commander of the Croatian forces outside the Vukovar perimeter, put Dedakovi.
The battle of Neretva = Slaget vid Neretva.